Biafo industries limited aims to enhance customer satisfaction by providing products which consistently meet customer requirement. Cole and 2002 bali nightclub bombings recommended in alqaedas traditional curriculum of explosives training. High vod explosives are more suitable in hard rock and low vod in softer rock. A design criterion for permissible water gel explosives. Be careful when pressuring the detonators by teeth, by knife, or any other tools. Arabic explosive manual translation 8 unclassifiedfor official use only page 5 of 156 10. Subsequent to the introduction of watergels, new emulsiontype explosives were approved and introduced for use in coal mines in 1981. In order to heat 1kg of water to vaporization, 2,256 kilojoules per kilogram of energy is required. Pdf use of dynamites, watergels and emulsion explosives in. There are numerous versions ranging from shearing charges to aluminized common. Added sensitizers enhance intiation to a detonator with. Use petn or tnt type explosives when temperatures are near or below 0f 18c. Pdf use of dynamites, watergels and emulsion explosives.
Guidelines for the pumping of water based explosives pumping guidelines storage standards for industrial explosives magazine standards quantitydistance principles classification by pe potential effects. Pursuant to united states code and the code of federal regulations, the department must publish and revise at least annually in the federal register a list of explosives determined to be within the coverage of pertinent united states code. The list covers not only explosives, but also blasting agents and detonators. It is prohibited having explosives and detonators together during transportation or storage. Name of applicant if partnership, include name of each partner 2. The development of liquid explosives and their use nitroglycerin the first liquid explosive, nitroglycerin, was invented in 1846 by an italian chemist named ascanio sobrero, who nitrated glycerin with a solution containing nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Pdf application of emulsion explosive and comparative study on. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of watergel explosives of the metal nitrates, m no3x m li, mn as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. Pyrotechnic substances are included even when they do not evolve gases.
Cn103242115b water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive. It is an explosive ingredient in dynamite 2040% with ethylene glycol dinitrate 8060%. Generally, explosives with a lower vod tend to release gas over a longer period and consequently have more heave. A design criterion for permissible water gel explosives a design criterion for permissible water gel explosives krishna mohan, v srinivas, m. In a deep borehole, pressure in the bottom can alter an explosive s density by causing microballoons to be crushed. Introduction to explosives for official use only c4. Water gel explosives are the second leading aqueous based explosives products manufactured worldwide. We manufacture and distribute a complete range of tovex water gel explosives and blasting accessories.
It is meant for use in medium hard to hard strata along with column charges for economical blasting. Ep2784052a1 method for the onsite manufacture of water. Blast hole diameter d in mm15 burden b 25 to 40 x d spacing s 1. Evaluation of a sheathed permissible explosive charge. The ultimate energy thief for an explosive is water. As a result, cap sensitive versions of each are increasingly encountered in criminal activity and a strategy for their identification and characterization is needed. This class of explosive has now mainly replaced traditional nitroglycerine based dynamites and gelignites for commercial blasting. A water gelslurry explosive is essentially an aqueous solution of an inorganic oxidizer gelled with a carbonaceous gelling agent. Because they are relatively safe and easy to use, they are often times used in the mining industry. The development of watergel and emulsion explosives improved product safety and made it possible to encompass. These explosives were in the form of waterinoil emulsions and utilized artificial microspheres made from glass or other material for sensitizers.
Certain hydrogels are capable of absorbing as much as 500 times their weight in water. A water gel single phase explosive composition in which a liquid paraffin sensitizer having carbon atoms is completely solubilized consisting of 4090% of an aqueous perchlorate oxidizer solution having a concentration of 5080% selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal perchlorates, % of a solubilizing agent for a liquid nitroparaffin having. The missoula equipment development center medc conducted demonstrations with this explosive in the california and pacific northwest regiions. A method for producing a single phase water gel explosive composition in which a liquid paraffin sensitizer having carbon atoms is completely solubilized consisting of the steps of mixing 4090% of an aqueous perchlorate oxidizer solution having a concentration of 50 80% and selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth. Material safety data sheet packaging normally prevents exposure.
Ammonium nitratefuel oil mixture is the one of ammoniumnitrate explosives. Water gel explosives have a jellylike consistency and come in sausagelike packing stapled shut on both sides. The 2017 annual list of explosives inadvertently omitted a letter in one of the explosive materials. These rules provide a first estimate in the absence of any better data. Add 20ml of ammonium hydroxide ammonia water 10% filter.
His original water gel explosive was a largediameter gel explosive that was used in large wet holes. Water gel explosivesthree generationscanadian mining and metallurgical. View product in our store for further information about this product please fill out this form and we will contact you. This booster explosive can be used alone or in combination with emulsion or water gel column charge explosives. The water gel explosives are acceptable for use when the temperature is above freezing 32 fahrenheit or 0 centigrade. Anfo and water based explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. It is meant to be used in soft to medium hard strata blasting along with column charges for economical blasting.
Documents issued by and obtainable from the explosives regulatory division erd. Therefore, to make highenergy explosives, water content must be reduced. Emulsions will detonate at temperatures as low as 0f 18c. A water gel slurry explosive is essentially an aqueous solution of an inorganic oxidizer gelled with a carbonaceous gelling agent. Utec is a world recognized expert in water gel explosives. Water gels that are cap insensitive are referred to under united states safety regulations as blasting agents. If skin contact occurs, remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with plenty of soap and running water. Water gel or slurry explosives developed in the late 1950s became quite widespread in their use from the mid 1960s. Liquid explosives nitroglycerine is a colorless to paleyellow, viscous liquid or solid below 56f. Recent developments in technology of slurry explosives. Low explosives generally do not fragment rock as well as high explosives. This notice contains the 2017 annual list of explosive materials, which remains unchanged from the 2016 annual list of explosives. The product is jellylike, and usually comes in the form of sausagetype plastic casings, clear or opaque that have the ends stapled shut.
Watergel explosive article about watergel explosive by. A method for producing a single phase water gel explosive composition in which a liquid paraffin sensitizer having carbon atoms is completely solubilized consisting of the steps of mixing 4090% of an aqueous perchlorate oxidizer solution having a concentration of 50 80% and selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal perchlorates. Water gel explosives have a jellylike consistency and come in sausagelike packing stapled. The use of delays should be maximized between individual blasts to separate the total. This superabsorbent property renders hydrogels useful in conserving water as well as solving other environmental issues. If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. The development of water gel and emulsion explosives improved product safety and made it possible to encompass.
Use of dynamites, watergels and emulsion explosives in sri lankan quarryingmining practice article pdf available in engineer journal of the institution of engineers, sri lanka 481. A method for producing water gel explosives by solubilizing a nitroparaffin sensitizer having carbon atoms, preferably nitromethane, in an aqueous oxidizer perchlorate salt solution by incorporating in the composition a nitroparaffin solubilizing agent, such as ethylene glycol, and the product so produced. Water gel explosives inert simulants inert small diameter. Water gels are also less expensive compared to conventional explosives. A request for authorization of explosives covered by this standard includes the submission of the application form pdf, 775 kb available from the erd website, with the information requested on the application form, and all additional information on the explosive in question requested in this document, including any test data generated by. These explosives were in the form of water inoil emulsions and utilized artificial microspheres made from glass or other material for sensitizers. Systematic approach to the identification of watergel explosives. Dispersion of fuel or additional oxidizer in the gel produces a slurry, the. However, if contact takes place with explosive content, do the following. Dispersion of fuel or additional oxidizer in the gel produces a slurry, the water gel explosive of commerce. Abstract the vapor components of several water gel explosives have been characterized using ptwire preconcentrationcapillary gas. Dynamite has been mostly phased out in favor of water gel explosives, which are cheaper to manufacture, and in many ways safer to handle.
Systematic approach to the identification of watergel. The double base propellant dbp was in the form of single tubes with diameter 5. The tovex family of products, sometimes generically called water gels, were developed by the explosives department at dupont e. In order to heat 1kg of water to vaporization, 2,256 kilojoules per kilogram of. Evaluation of a sheathed permissible explosive charge for. The vod range in commercial explosives is 25007500 ms.
The presence of the polymer distributed uniformly in the matrix together with the. Some commercial explosives with high fuel content may readily ignite and burn. The list covers not only explosives, but also blasting agents and detonators, all of which are defined as explosive materials. Water gels that are capinsensitive are referred to under united states safety regulations as blasting agents. G 0501 guidelines for bulk explosives facilities february 2014 iv 4. The charge consists of 112 lb of permissible water gel explosive in the form of a short cylinder 7 inches in diameter and 78 inches high, surrounded by a 12inchthick layer of damp salt, and encased in latex rubber reinforced with cheese cloth. Water gel explosives inert simulants securesearch inc. Tovex also known as trenchrite, seismogel, and seismopac is a watergel explosive composed of ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate that has several advantages over traditional dynamite, including lower toxicity and safer manufacture, transport, and storage. A century of bureau of minesniosh explosives research. It can be used alone or in combination with booster sensitive water gel explosives. The adoption of iso 90012000 qms will help to ensure continual improvement of our processes. In confined spaces, burning may lead to detonation.
Anfo and waterbased explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. An explosive substance is a solid or liquid substance or mixture of substances which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Ammonium nitrate fuel oil anfo, emulsion waterinoil and water gel slurry explosives are used in the blasting operations. Liquid explosives can be initiated through mechanical shock, friction or heat. Geldyne is a semigelatin dynamite formulated to meet a wide variety of blasting applications. A watergel explosive is a fuel sensitized explosive mixture consisting of an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution that acts as the oxidizer. This notice does not make any substantive changes to the 2017 annual list. Water gel explosives also called slurries in the explosives industry are safe, stable explosives that have been packaged in 100footlong lengths for linebuilding applicatioins. Explosives complete tutorial compiled by red dragon. Preparation and performance of a novel water gel explosive. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water gel explosives of the metal nitrates, m no3x m li, mn as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. A water gel explosive is a fuel sensitized explosive mixture consisting of an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution that acts as the oxidizer. Hydrogels are polymer chains comprising of repetitive units with the capability of absorbing water molecules.
Water gel explosives have a lower detonation velocity, generating less shock energy than some other highdetonation velocity explosives e. Carcasses that have been dispersed will generally be totally. Watergel or slurry explosives developed in the late 1950s became quite widespread in their use from the mid 1960s. Loading density hole diameter kg of explosive per meter of column for given density gcm 3 hole diameter mm in mm in 270 10 0.
Application of emulsion explosive and comparative study on watergel explosives for rock quarrying in sri lanka. Safety rules in transporting detonators and explosives 1. For example, water in a borehole can corrupt an explosive like ammoniumnitrate fuel oil, which isnt waterresistant ammonium nitrate is hydroscopic and will dissolve in water. Water provides no energy to the bulk explosive when detonated. A few types are detonator sensitive, but most require one or more dynamite cartridges or cast tnt boosters to be placed in. Penniman invented ammonium dynamite, a form of explosive that used ammonium nitrate as a substitute for the more costly nitroglycerin. There are many different types of water gel explosives and each type of explosive can be used in different situations. Shock sensitive explosives petroleum jelly and potassium chlorate in a 1 to 1 ratio by weight makes a totally safe when wet compound but is highly explosive and shock sensitive when dry. Blasters training modules module 1 explosives office of. Water gel explosives have replaced nitroglycerin based explosives like standard dynamite, for many commercial blasting operations.
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